#4728 土曜日英語音読特訓：マララさんの国連演説 Mar. 12, 2022 [49.1 英語音読トレーニング]
＜最終更新情報＞3/13午前11時 ＜余談＞追記
今日は土曜日、中3年生3人の英語音読特訓の日だった。午後1時から3時までの2時間の授業。来週で高校1年の英語の教科書を終了する。中3でも学力が高く、やる気のある生徒たちなら、2時間12回の授業で高校の教科書1年分を消化できる。再来週から高校2年の教科書をやる予定だ。最後のreadingにあるマララ・ユズフザイの国連演説は、中3の生徒には少し難しいようだった。論理的に書いてあるが、深いところまで届かない、マララの主張を頭の中で整理しきれていなかった。1-9章までの文章はロジックが実に浅いのだが、readingsのマララの演説はロジックに込み入った部分がある。
1997年生まれの彼女がタリバンの銃撃を受けて重傷を負ったのが2012年10月9日。国連演説はその翌年2013年7月12日彼女の16歳の誕生日の日になされたものだ。
中3には一寸手ごわい部分があったが、でも、三人とも楽しそうにやっていた。鉛筆で教科書にチャンク単位でスラッシュを入れてから音読トレーニングをしているので、読みやすいようだ。語順通りに英文を理解するためにもこの方がいい。
来週1人増えるが、5人までは大丈夫なので、英語の学力を飛躍的に伸ばしたい生徒はどうぞ。ボランティアでやっている授業（授業料はかかりません）なので、他塾へ通っている生徒でも、どこにも通っていない生徒でも、受け入れます。学力テストの英語の点数が1度でも70点を超えたことがあれば、指示通りに予習をしてきたらついて来れます。
高校3年次にはこの授業を受けた人の半数が英検準1級を受験できる（共通テスト90％超の得点）、そういうレベルを目標にした特訓です。8月末までに高校3年間の教科書をやり終えるつもりです。
原文の載っているサイトを紹介しますので、ぜひ原文を読んでください。
日本語訳の方も紹介します。
＜余談：使用されているある語彙に吃驚（びっくり）＞
教科書を読んでいて、気になる語彙があったので、リライトした人が使用した語彙だろうかと思って、原文を検索してみたら、そのままでした。見てください。
So today, we call upon the world leaders to change their strategic policies in favour of peace and prosperity.
their strategic policiesとなっています。これがアンテナに引っかかりました。マララはtheir policiesではなくて、their stratetic policiesと言ったのです。policiesは「（諸）政策」ですが、「平和と繁栄を支えている政策を変えてください」ではなくて、「世界のリーダたちが、平和と繁栄をもたらす戦略政策を変更してほしい」と述べています。世界の指導者たちがやっている、現行の戦略とそれに基づく政策がちっとも役に立っていないから、それを変更しろと要求しているのです。
日本の16歳で、こんな語彙を使い、自分の意図するところを正確に表現できる生徒がいるでしょうか？
昨年、根室高校から現役で旭川医大へ合格した生徒は6年間17冊の本を音読トレーニングに使って、ゼミ形式での対話を重ねてましたから、言うことも書く文章もロジカルです。道北・道東推薦枠で26名の応募者で合格は10名、2次試験の小論文では295点/300点満点、総合点で現役トップで合格していますが、彼でもこの語彙は使えませんね。経営企画や経営管理はわたしの仕事での専門分野の一つですが、その方面の専門的な話は高校生にも無理と判断して、一般的な用語では話していますが、専門用語の使用は避けていました。
戦略は戦略目標を設定し、それを実現するための長期経営計画に表現されます。マララの主張に従えば「平和と繁栄を支える」ことが戦略目標です。それが3年の実行計画（中期経営計画）に落とされ、更にそれが予算付きで年次計画に落とされ、実行されます。
「（諸）政策」とは中期や年次計画レべうの話で、それは長期計画、すなわち戦略をベースとしています。
16歳のパキスタンの少女が「戦略的政策」という語彙が使えることに腰を抜かすほど驚いています。どんなに難関の大学へ進学したって、たかが受験勉強です。高校生の時期にこういう語彙が使えるようにはならない。多感な時期に良質の本を数十冊は読んでいないと話になりません。
受験勉強ばかりで視野が狭くなっていると言うことが幼稚になります。将来国際的な舞台で仕事するようになるかもしれませんから、「わたしは他の人より優秀だ」と思う高校生は原文全部を読んで腰を抜かしてください（笑）
＜全文掲載＞
----------------------------------------------
In the name of God, The Most Beneficent, The Most Merciful.
Honourable UN Secretary General Mr Ban Ki-moon,
Respected President General Assembly Vuk Jeremic
Honourable UN envoy for Global education Mr Gordon Brown,
Respected elders and my dear brothers and sisters;
Today, it is an honour for me to be speaking again after a long time. Being here with such honourable people is a great moment in my life.
I don't know where to begin my speech. I don't know what people would be expecting me to say.
But first of all, thank you to God for whom we all are equal and thank you to every person who has prayed for my fast recovery and a new life.
I cannot believe how much love people have shown me. I have received thousands of good wish cards and gifts from all over the world. Thank you to all of them. Thank you to the children whose innocent words encouraged me. Thank you to my elders whose prayers strengthened me.
I would like to thank my nurses, doctors and all of the staff of the hospitals in Pakistan and the UK and the UAE government who have helped me get better and recover my strength.
I fully support Mr Ban Ki-moon the Secretary-General in his Global Education First Initiative and the work of the UN Special Envoy Mr Gordon Brown.
And I thank them both for the leadership they continue to give. They continue to inspire all of us to action.
Dear brothers and sisters, do remember one thing. Malala day is not my day. Today is the day of every woman, every boy and every girl who have raised their voice for their rights. There are hundreds of Human rights activists and social workers who are not only speaking for human rights, but who are struggling to achieve their goals of education, peace and equality. Thousands of people have been killed by the terrorists and millions have been injured. I am just one of them.
So here I stand.... one girl among many.
I speak ― not for myself, but for all girls and boys.
I raise up my voice ― not so that I can shout, but so that those without a voice can be heard.
Those who have fought for their rights:
Their right to live in peace.
Their right to be treated with dignity.
Their right to equality of opportunity.
Their right to be educated.
Dear Friends, on the 9th of October 2012, the Taliban shot me on the left side of my forehead.
They shot my friends too. They thought that the bullets would silence us. But they failed.
And then, out of that silence came, thousands of voices.
The terrorists thought that they would change our aims and stop our ambitions but nothing changed in my life except this: Weakness, fear and hopelessness died. Strength, power and courage was born.
I am the same Malala. My ambitions are the same. My hopes are the same. My dreams are the same.
Dear sisters and brothers, I am not against anyone. Neither am I here to speak in terms of personal revenge against the Taliban or any other terrorists group. I am here to speak up for the right of education of every child. I want education for the sons and the daughters of all the extremists especially the Taliban.
I do not even hate the Talib who shot me. Even if there is a gun in my hand and he stands in front of me. I would not shoot him. This is the compassion that I have learnt from Muhammad-the prophet of mercy, Jesus christ and Lord Buddha.
This is the legacy of change that I have inherited from Martin Luther King, Nelson Mandela and Muhammad Ali Jinnah. This is the philosophy of non-violence that I have learnt from Gandhi Jee, Bacha Khan and Mother Teresa. And this is the forgiveness that I have learnt from my mother and father. This is what my soul is telling me, be peaceful and love everyone.
Dear sisters and brothers, we realise the importance of light when we see darkness.
We realise the importance of our voice when we are silenced. In the same way, when we were in Swat, the north of Pakistan, we realised the importance of pens and books when we saw the guns.
The wise saying, “The pen is mightier than sword" was true. The extremists are afraid of books and pens. The power of education frightens them.
They are afraid of women. The power of the voice of women frightens them. And that is why they killed 14 innocent medical students in the recent attack in Quetta.
And that is why they killed many female teachers and polio workers in Khyber Pukhtoon Khwa and FATA. That is why they are blasting schools every day. Because they were and they are afraid of change, afraid of the equality that we will bring into our society.
I remember that there was a boy in our school who was asked by a journalist, “Why are the Taliban against education?" He answered very simply. By pointing to his book he said,
“A Talib doesn't know what is written inside this book." They think that God is a tiny, little conservative being who would send girls to the hell just because of going to school.
The terrorists are misusing the name of Islam and Pashtun society for their own personal benefits. Pakistan is peace-loving democratic country. Pashtuns want education for their daughters and sons. And Islam is a religion of peace, humanity and brotherhood. Islam says that it is not only each child's right to get education, rather it is their duty and responsibility.
Honourable Secretary General, peace is necessary for education. In many parts of the world especially Pakistan and Afghanistan; terrorism, wars and conflicts stop children to go to their schools.
We are really tired of these wars. Women and children are suffering in many parts of the world in many ways. In India, innocent and poor children are victims of child labour.
Many schools have been destroyed in Nigeria. People in Afghanistan have been affected by the hurdles of extremism for decades. Young girls have to do domestic child labour and are forced to get married at early age. Poverty, ignorance, injustice, racism and the deprivation of basic rights are the main problems faced by both men and women.
Dear fellows, today I am focusing on women's rights and girls' education because they are suffering the most. There was a time when women social activists asked men to stand up for their rights. But, this time, we will do it by ourselves. I am not telling men to step away from speaking for women's rights rather I am focusing on women to be independent to fight for themselves.
Dear sisters and brothers, now it's time to speak up.
So today, we call upon the world leaders to change their strategic policies in favour of peace and prosperity.
We call upon the world leaders that all the peace deals must protect women and children's rights. A deal that goes against the dignity of women and their rights is unacceptable.
We call upon all governments to ensure free compulsory education for every child all over the world.
We call upon all governments to fight against terrorism and violence, to protect children from brutality and harm.
We call upon the developed nations to support the expansion of educational opportunities for girls in the developing world.
We call upon all communities to be tolerant ― to reject prejudice based on cast, creed, sect, religion or gender. To ensure freedom and equality for women so that they can flourish. We cannot all succeed when half of us are held back.
We call upon our sisters around the world to be brave ― to embrace the strength within themselves and realise their full potential.
Dear brothers and sisters, we want schools and education for every child's bright future. We will continue our journey to our destination of peace and education for everyone. No one can stop us. We will speak for our rights and we will bring change through our voice. We must believe in the power and the strength of our words. Our words can change the world.
Because we are all together, united for the cause of education. And if we want to achieve our goal, then let us empower ourselves with the weapon of knowledge and let us shield ourselves with unity and togetherness.
Dear brothers and sisters, we must not forget that millions of people are suffering from poverty, injustice and ignorance. We must not forget that millions of children are out of schools. We must not forget that our sisters and brothers are waiting for a bright peaceful future.
So let us wage a global struggle against illiteracy, poverty and terrorism and let us pick up our books and pens. They are our most powerful weapons.
One child, one teacher, one pen and one book can change the world.
Education is the only solution. Education First.
にほんブログ村
今日は土曜日、中3年生3人の英語音読特訓の日だった。午後1時から3時までの2時間の授業。来週で高校1年の英語の教科書を終了する。中3でも学力が高く、やる気のある生徒たちなら、2時間12回の授業で高校の教科書1年分を消化できる。再来週から高校2年の教科書をやる予定だ。最後のreadingにあるマララ・ユズフザイの国連演説は、中3の生徒には少し難しいようだった。論理的に書いてあるが、深いところまで届かない、マララの主張を頭の中で整理しきれていなかった。1-9章までの文章はロジックが実に浅いのだが、readingsのマララの演説はロジックに込み入った部分がある。
1997年生まれの彼女がタリバンの銃撃を受けて重傷を負ったのが2012年10月9日。国連演説はその翌年2013年7月12日彼女の16歳の誕生日の日になされたものだ。
中3には一寸手ごわい部分があったが、でも、三人とも楽しそうにやっていた。鉛筆で教科書にチャンク単位でスラッシュを入れてから音読トレーニングをしているので、読みやすいようだ。語順通りに英文を理解するためにもこの方がいい。
来週1人増えるが、5人までは大丈夫なので、英語の学力を飛躍的に伸ばしたい生徒はどうぞ。ボランティアでやっている授業（授業料はかかりません）なので、他塾へ通っている生徒でも、どこにも通っていない生徒でも、受け入れます。学力テストの英語の点数が1度でも70点を超えたことがあれば、指示通りに予習をしてきたらついて来れます。
高校3年次にはこの授業を受けた人の半数が英検準1級を受験できる（共通テスト90％超の得点）、そういうレベルを目標にした特訓です。8月末までに高校3年間の教科書をやり終えるつもりです。
原文の載っているサイトを紹介しますので、ぜひ原文を読んでください。
日本語訳の方も紹介します。
＜余談：使用されているある語彙に吃驚（びっくり）＞
教科書を読んでいて、気になる語彙があったので、リライトした人が使用した語彙だろうかと思って、原文を検索してみたら、そのままでした。見てください。
So today, we call upon the world leaders to change their strategic policies in favour of peace and prosperity.
their strategic policiesとなっています。これがアンテナに引っかかりました。マララはtheir policiesではなくて、their stratetic policiesと言ったのです。policiesは「（諸）政策」ですが、「平和と繁栄を支えている政策を変えてください」ではなくて、「世界のリーダたちが、平和と繁栄をもたらす戦略政策を変更してほしい」と述べています。世界の指導者たちがやっている、現行の戦略とそれに基づく政策がちっとも役に立っていないから、それを変更しろと要求しているのです。
日本の16歳で、こんな語彙を使い、自分の意図するところを正確に表現できる生徒がいるでしょうか？
昨年、根室高校から現役で旭川医大へ合格した生徒は6年間17冊の本を音読トレーニングに使って、ゼミ形式での対話を重ねてましたから、言うことも書く文章もロジカルです。道北・道東推薦枠で26名の応募者で合格は10名、2次試験の小論文では295点/300点満点、総合点で現役トップで合格していますが、彼でもこの語彙は使えませんね。経営企画や経営管理はわたしの仕事での専門分野の一つですが、その方面の専門的な話は高校生にも無理と判断して、一般的な用語では話していますが、専門用語の使用は避けていました。
戦略は戦略目標を設定し、それを実現するための長期経営計画に表現されます。マララの主張に従えば「平和と繁栄を支える」ことが戦略目標です。それが3年の実行計画（中期経営計画）に落とされ、更にそれが予算付きで年次計画に落とされ、実行されます。
「（諸）政策」とは中期や年次計画レべうの話で、それは長期計画、すなわち戦略をベースとしています。
16歳のパキスタンの少女が「戦略的政策」という語彙が使えることに腰を抜かすほど驚いています。どんなに難関の大学へ進学したって、たかが受験勉強です。高校生の時期にこういう語彙が使えるようにはならない。多感な時期に良質の本を数十冊は読んでいないと話になりません。
受験勉強ばかりで視野が狭くなっていると言うことが幼稚になります。将来国際的な舞台で仕事するようになるかもしれませんから、「わたしは他の人より優秀だ」と思う高校生は原文全部を読んで腰を抜かしてください（笑）
＜全文掲載＞
----------------------------------------------
In the name of God, The Most Beneficent, The Most Merciful.
Honourable UN Secretary General Mr Ban Ki-moon,
Respected President General Assembly Vuk Jeremic
Honourable UN envoy for Global education Mr Gordon Brown,
Respected elders and my dear brothers and sisters;
Today, it is an honour for me to be speaking again after a long time. Being here with such honourable people is a great moment in my life.
I don't know where to begin my speech. I don't know what people would be expecting me to say.
But first of all, thank you to God for whom we all are equal and thank you to every person who has prayed for my fast recovery and a new life.
I cannot believe how much love people have shown me. I have received thousands of good wish cards and gifts from all over the world. Thank you to all of them. Thank you to the children whose innocent words encouraged me. Thank you to my elders whose prayers strengthened me.
I would like to thank my nurses, doctors and all of the staff of the hospitals in Pakistan and the UK and the UAE government who have helped me get better and recover my strength.
I fully support Mr Ban Ki-moon the Secretary-General in his Global Education First Initiative and the work of the UN Special Envoy Mr Gordon Brown.
And I thank them both for the leadership they continue to give. They continue to inspire all of us to action.
Dear brothers and sisters, do remember one thing. Malala day is not my day. Today is the day of every woman, every boy and every girl who have raised their voice for their rights. There are hundreds of Human rights activists and social workers who are not only speaking for human rights, but who are struggling to achieve their goals of education, peace and equality. Thousands of people have been killed by the terrorists and millions have been injured. I am just one of them.
So here I stand.... one girl among many.
I speak ― not for myself, but for all girls and boys.
I raise up my voice ― not so that I can shout, but so that those without a voice can be heard.
Those who have fought for their rights:
Their right to live in peace.
Their right to be treated with dignity.
Their right to equality of opportunity.
Their right to be educated.
Dear Friends, on the 9th of October 2012, the Taliban shot me on the left side of my forehead.
They shot my friends too. They thought that the bullets would silence us. But they failed.
And then, out of that silence came, thousands of voices.
The terrorists thought that they would change our aims and stop our ambitions but nothing changed in my life except this: Weakness, fear and hopelessness died. Strength, power and courage was born.
I am the same Malala. My ambitions are the same. My hopes are the same. My dreams are the same.
Dear sisters and brothers, I am not against anyone. Neither am I here to speak in terms of personal revenge against the Taliban or any other terrorists group. I am here to speak up for the right of education of every child. I want education for the sons and the daughters of all the extremists especially the Taliban.
I do not even hate the Talib who shot me. Even if there is a gun in my hand and he stands in front of me. I would not shoot him. This is the compassion that I have learnt from Muhammad-the prophet of mercy, Jesus christ and Lord Buddha.
This is the legacy of change that I have inherited from Martin Luther King, Nelson Mandela and Muhammad Ali Jinnah. This is the philosophy of non-violence that I have learnt from Gandhi Jee, Bacha Khan and Mother Teresa. And this is the forgiveness that I have learnt from my mother and father. This is what my soul is telling me, be peaceful and love everyone.
Dear sisters and brothers, we realise the importance of light when we see darkness.
We realise the importance of our voice when we are silenced. In the same way, when we were in Swat, the north of Pakistan, we realised the importance of pens and books when we saw the guns.
The wise saying, “The pen is mightier than sword" was true. The extremists are afraid of books and pens. The power of education frightens them.
They are afraid of women. The power of the voice of women frightens them. And that is why they killed 14 innocent medical students in the recent attack in Quetta.
And that is why they killed many female teachers and polio workers in Khyber Pukhtoon Khwa and FATA. That is why they are blasting schools every day. Because they were and they are afraid of change, afraid of the equality that we will bring into our society.
I remember that there was a boy in our school who was asked by a journalist, “Why are the Taliban against education?" He answered very simply. By pointing to his book he said,
“A Talib doesn't know what is written inside this book." They think that God is a tiny, little conservative being who would send girls to the hell just because of going to school.
The terrorists are misusing the name of Islam and Pashtun society for their own personal benefits. Pakistan is peace-loving democratic country. Pashtuns want education for their daughters and sons. And Islam is a religion of peace, humanity and brotherhood. Islam says that it is not only each child's right to get education, rather it is their duty and responsibility.
Honourable Secretary General, peace is necessary for education. In many parts of the world especially Pakistan and Afghanistan; terrorism, wars and conflicts stop children to go to their schools.
We are really tired of these wars. Women and children are suffering in many parts of the world in many ways. In India, innocent and poor children are victims of child labour.
Many schools have been destroyed in Nigeria. People in Afghanistan have been affected by the hurdles of extremism for decades. Young girls have to do domestic child labour and are forced to get married at early age. Poverty, ignorance, injustice, racism and the deprivation of basic rights are the main problems faced by both men and women.
Dear fellows, today I am focusing on women's rights and girls' education because they are suffering the most. There was a time when women social activists asked men to stand up for their rights. But, this time, we will do it by ourselves. I am not telling men to step away from speaking for women's rights rather I am focusing on women to be independent to fight for themselves.
Dear sisters and brothers, now it's time to speak up.
So today, we call upon the world leaders to change their strategic policies in favour of peace and prosperity.
We call upon the world leaders that all the peace deals must protect women and children's rights. A deal that goes against the dignity of women and their rights is unacceptable.
We call upon all governments to ensure free compulsory education for every child all over the world.
We call upon all governments to fight against terrorism and violence, to protect children from brutality and harm.
We call upon the developed nations to support the expansion of educational opportunities for girls in the developing world.
We call upon all communities to be tolerant ― to reject prejudice based on cast, creed, sect, religion or gender. To ensure freedom and equality for women so that they can flourish. We cannot all succeed when half of us are held back.
We call upon our sisters around the world to be brave ― to embrace the strength within themselves and realise their full potential.
Dear brothers and sisters, we want schools and education for every child's bright future. We will continue our journey to our destination of peace and education for everyone. No one can stop us. We will speak for our rights and we will bring change through our voice. We must believe in the power and the strength of our words. Our words can change the world.
Because we are all together, united for the cause of education. And if we want to achieve our goal, then let us empower ourselves with the weapon of knowledge and let us shield ourselves with unity and togetherness.
Dear brothers and sisters, we must not forget that millions of people are suffering from poverty, injustice and ignorance. We must not forget that millions of children are out of schools. We must not forget that our sisters and brothers are waiting for a bright peaceful future.
So let us wage a global struggle against illiteracy, poverty and terrorism and let us pick up our books and pens. They are our most powerful weapons.
One child, one teacher, one pen and one book can change the world.
Education is the only solution. Education First.
にほんブログ村
2022-03-12 18:40
nice!(0)
コメント(2)
ご無沙汰しています。
語彙の研究は面白い。正確な約は難しい。日本語は戦略、法律に関する語彙は極めて貧弱です。そのかわり、天候や食べ物、人に関する語彙は豊富です。
日本語の天気や季節の文章を英語に訳すのは大変です。俳句を訳せないように、法律や戦略を訳すのは難しい。会社では車内で使うこともマイナスでした。怒られました。
言葉は生活環境に応じて合理化されて進化します。でも外国の人も日本人も、はたまたアフリカの人も使っている言葉の数は大差ありません。
日本人が劣化した。その原因の一つが訳の分からない省略語が豊富なこと。若者と高齢者の分断だけでなく、情緒のある言葉や法体系の言葉が駆逐されるのです。
悪貨は良貨を駆逐する、良い言葉は詰まらない言葉に駆逐される。仕方がないことでしょう。
by tsuguo-kodera (2022-03-15 19:31)
koderaさん
こんばんわ
産業用エレクトロニクスの輸入商社に1978年に中途入社したときに、会社の経営改革を担うプロジェクトを5つ同時に担いました。
戦略目標、経営戦略、長期経営計画、中期実行計画、年度予算などを定義して、それらを損益シミュレーション、資金移動シミュレーション、予定貸借対照表などの具体的なものに落としていきました。それらを実現するいくつかの経営情報システムも。
説明の相手が役員と部長クラスですから、大まかなところは理解してもらえましたが、こちらは実務をやるレベルで熟知していなければなりません。
システムは大まかな解説だけ、それ以上は無理でしたね。新たな実務設計をして、産能大式の事務フロー図に落として、設計した帳票を目の前に置いてそれぞれの担当者に丁寧に説明していきました。
要するに、実績を出せばいいだけ。内容がわからなくても、常に実績を叩きだせば、理解できなくてもOKはもらえました。
オーナー社長の関周さんが経営改革のためにセットしたプロジェクトであったからです。
私の場合は幸運だったのでしょうね。
ところで、おっしゃるように日本的な情緒に関する英語の語彙はぴったりしたものがなかなかみつかりませんね。日本人特有の精神文化に関わる用語もです。
たとえば、挨拶に関わる言葉に隠された温かな思いとして「いただきます」「ごちそうさまでした」「いってきます」「おかえり」「よろしくお願いします」「お疲れさま」
何気なく使う言葉に含まれる「和」のこころとして、
「失礼します」「すみません」「しょうがない」「せっかく」「大丈夫」「どっこいしょ」
日本人の心に根差した言葉として、
「これも何かのご縁ですね」「つまらないものですけれど」「もったいない」「こつこつ」「おかげさまで」「微妙」
日本文化に育まれた奥深い言葉として、
「合掌」「さりげない」「風情がある」「敷居が高い」「おもてなし」「気が利く」
大来尚順『訳せない日本語』から引用しました。これらの日本語の語彙は奥が深い。わたしにはとっても無理です。
「悪貨は良貨を駆逐する」、日本人の語彙が戦後実に貧弱になったことは否めません。
それだけ、お互いの心の在り様を表現する術を失ったと言うことですね。心の微妙な綾を言い表せない、日本語大丈夫かなあ。
万葉集を読んでも、日本的情緒が伝わらない日本人が増えていくのでしょう。
中高生のみなさんは、英語の勉強よりも、日本文学作品をたくさん読んで、日本的な情緒を育んでもらいたい。
by ebisu (2022-03-15 22:35)